[69] Despite a ban on Cantonese films by the Nanjing authority in the 1930s, Cantonese film production continued in Hong Kong which was then under British colonial rule. Hong Kong Cantonese has some minor variations in phonology, but is largely identical to standard Guangzhou Cantonese. [33], In Indonesia, Cantonese is locally known as Konghu and is one of the variants spoken by the Chinese Indonesian community, with speakers largely concentrated in major cities such as Jakarta, Surabaya and Batam. And what finals exactly undergo -k --> -t? The increase of Mandarin-speaking communities has resulted in the rise of separate neighborhoods or enclaves segregated by the primary Chinese variety spoken. The de facto standard pronunciation of Cantonese is that of Canton (Guangzhou). In Vietnam, Cantonese is the dominant language of the ethnic Chinese community, usually referred to as Hoa, which numbers about one million people and constitutes one of the largest minority groups in the country. Most of these are rare outside their native areas, though they may be spoken outside of China. The entire wiki with photo and video galleries for each article. Cantonese proper is the variety native to the city of Canton, which is the traditional English name of Guangzhou. This rule seems to apply also to -t and dental affricates and fricatives: 一齊 (together; separately: yat tshai, assimilated: yatsh:ai) and (one bamboo, mahjong tile; separately: yat sok, assimilated: yas:ok). An interesting list of films, maybe you could add additional years and popularity? Follow @ChineseLinks on Twitter, to get notified about new resources!. This system of written Cantonese is often found in colloquial contexts such as entertainment magazines and social media, as well as on advertisements. An example is in the word for country (國), pronounced in standard Guangzhou as gwok but as gok with the merge. Based on the vowel chart in "Handbook of the International Phonetic Association", chapter "Chinese (Hong Kong Cantonese)". Cantonese radio is also available in the nation and Cantonese is prevalent in locally produced Chinese television. Read reviews from world’s largest community for readers. Nicholas Belfeld Dennys used Chalmers romanization in his primer. Eventualaj ŝanĝoj en la … Cantonese is special in the way that the vowel length can affect both the rhyme and the tone. [63][70] From the mid-1970s to the 1990s, Cantonese films made in Hong Kong were very popular in the Chinese speaking world. [27], Nevertheless, since the government restriction on media in non-Mandarin varieties was relaxed in the mid-1990s and 2000s, the presence of Cantonese in Singapore has grown substantially. As a major economic center of China, there have been recent concerns that the use of Cantonese in Guangzhou is diminishing in favour of Mandarin, both through the continual influx of Mandarin-speaking migrants from impoverished areas and strict government policies. However, due to the rapid gentrification of Manhattan's Chinatown and with NYC's Cantonese and Fuzhou populations now increasingly shifting to other Chinese enclaves in the Outer Boroughs of NYC such as Brooklyn and Queens, but most mainly in Brooklyn's newer Chinatowns, the Cantonese speaking population in NYC are now increasingly becoming more mainly concentrated into Brooklyn's neighborhoods of Bensonhurst and Homecrest, also known as Bensonhurst's Little Hong Kong/Guangdong and Homecrest's Little Hong Kong/Guangdong while the Fuzhou population of NYC are increasingly becoming more mainly concentrated into Brooklyn's neighborhood of Sunset Park, also known as Little Fuzhou, Brooklyn, which is now increasingly resulting in NYC's growing Cantonese and Fuzhou enclaves to become more increasingly distanced and isolated away from each other including much more isolated away from other Chinese enclaves in the NYC borough of Queens that have more Mandarin and other various diverse Chinese dialect speakers. Standard Chinese is based on the Beijing dialect of Mandarin. Cantonese is viewed as a vital and inseparable part of the cultural identity for its native speakers across large swaths of Southeastern China, Hong Kong and Macau, as well as in overseas communities. Due to the linguistic history of Hong Kong and Macau, and the use of Cantonese in many established overseas Chinese communities, the use of Cantonese is quite widespread compared to the presence of its speakers residing in China. [29] Chinese-language schools in Cambodia are conducted in both Cantonese and Mandarin, but schools may be conducted exclusively in one Chinese variant or the other. Written Chinese was originally developed for Classical Chinese, [citation needed] and was the main literary language of China until the 19th century. [68] Popular native Mandarin-speaking singers, including Faye Wong, Eric Moo, and singers from Taiwan, have been trained in Cantonese to add "Hong Kong-ness" to their performances.[68]. A Cantonese sound (or sound segment) usually consists of an initial (onset) and a final (rime). [13][14] The permitted usage of Cantonese in mainland China is largely a countermeasure against Hong Kong's influence, as the autonomous territory has the right to freedom of the press and speech and its Cantonese-language media have a substantial exposure and following in Guangdong. Cantonese is spoken by a little over 15% of Chinese households in Singapore. This has contributed to a segregation of communities based on linguistic cleavage. However, some words under Macau's romanization system are same as Hong Kong's (e.g. In mainland China, it is the lingua franca of the province of Guangdong (being the majority language of the Pearl River Delta) and neighbouring areas such as Guangxi. In contrast, standard written Chinese continues to be used in formal literature, professional and government documents, television and movie subtitles, and news media. The BC system was also used in textbooks published by the Hong Kong government. In Guangdong and Guangxi, people also call it "provincial capital speech" (省城話; 省城话; Sáangsìng wá) or "plain speech" (白話; 白话; Baahkwá). Hacking Chinese Resources. Another popular scheme is Cantonese Pinyin, which is the only romanization system accepted by Hong Kong Education and Manpower Bureau and Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority. The de facto standard pronunciation of Cantonese is that of Canton (Guangzhou). A 2010 proposal to switch some programming on Guangzhou television from Cantonese to Mandarin was abandoned following massive public protests, the largest since the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. Native speaking here. The most popular romanization for learning Cantonese in the United States is Yale Romanization. 136.228.180.74 (talk) 15:26, 18 January 2019 (UTC), The article claims that consonants are not palatalized before vowels, but the reference [4] contradicts this. For consonants, some differences include M. /ɕ, tɕ, tɕʰ/ vs. C. /h, k, kʰ/; M. /ʐ/ vs. C. /j/; and a greater syllable coda diversity in Cantonese (such as syllables ending in -t, -p, or -k). Hong Kong Cantonese has some minor variations in phonology, but is largely identical to standard Guangzhou Cantonese. To adapt the system to the needs of users at a time when there were only local variants and no standard—although the speech of the western suburbs, Xiguan, of Guangzhou was the prestige variety at the time—Williams suggested that users learn and follow their teacher's pronunciation of his chart of Cantonese syllables. In the 2011 census, the Australian Bureau of Statistics listed 336,410 and 263,673 speakers of Mandarin and Cantonese, respectively. Cantonese has historically served as a lingua franca among overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia, who speak a variety of other forms of Chinese including Hokkien, Teochew, and Hakka. It was apparently Bridgman's innovation to mark the tones with an open circle (upper register tones) or an underlined open circle (lower register tones) at the four corners of the romanized word in analogy with the traditional Chinese system of marking the tone of a character with a circle (lower left for "even," upper left for "rising," upper right for "going," and lower right for "entering" tones). does -ing merge into -in for some speakers or do they always remain distinct ([ɪn] vs [iːn])? [59] After the Xinhai Revolution of 1912, Cantonese almost became the official language of the Republic of China but lost by a small margin. The major systems are: Jyutping, Yale, the Chinese government's Guangdong Romanization, and Meyer–Wempe. [3][4] This results in the situation in which a Cantonese and a Mandarin text may look similar but are pronounced differently. Unlike the United States, recent immigration from mainland China and Taiwan to Canada has been small, and Cantonese still remains the predominant Chinese variety in the country.[51]. Baillie2 04:00, 19 September 2014 (UTC)baillie2 Final consonant assimilation. Phonology is a branch of linguistics that studies how languages or dialects systematically organize their sounds (or signs, in sign languages). Life in Hong Kong is characterized by the blending of Asian (mainly south Chinese), British and other Western influences, as well as the status of the city as a major international business centre. [12] Furthermore, it is also a medium of instruction in select academic curricula, including some university elective courses and Chinese as a foreign language programs. During the Southern Song period, Guangzhou became the cultural center of the region. Instances of the letter ⟨u⟩ under Hong Kong's romanization systems are often replaced by ⟨o⟩ under Macao's romanization systems (e.g. Generally, plain stops are written with voiced consonants (/p/, /t/, /ts/, and /k/ as b, d, z/j, and g respectively), and aspirated stops with unvoiced ones, as in pinyin. Lastly, the structure of this article could benefit from an introductory paragraph connecting the subsections and their relation to each other as well as to the basic phonological distribution within the dialect. [31] Among Chinese-speaking Thai households, Cantonese is the fourth most-spoken variety of Chinese after Teochew, Hakka and Hainanese. The official languages of Hong Kong are Chinese and English, as defined in the Hong Kong Basic Law. It is also the dominant and co-official language of Hong Kong and Macau. --95.116.254.100 (talk) 01:21, 1 September 2013 (UTC), Could someone add numeric values for the tones, similar to other Sinitic languages, e.g. [65] Such actions have further provoked Cantonese speakers to cherish their linguistic identity in contrast to migrants who have generally arrived from poorer areas of China and largely speak Mandarin or other Chinese languages.[66]. [56][57] Additionally, a distinct classical literature was developed in Cantonese, with Middle Chinese texts sounding more similar to modern Cantonese than other present-day Chinese varieties, including Mandarin. Both the spellings of Hong Kong and Macau Cantonese romanization systems do not look similar to the mainland China's pinyin system. [30], While Thailand is home to the largest overseas Chinese community in the world, the vast majority of ethnic Chinese in the country speak Thai exclusively. In all, this article is a suitable introduction to the basic features present in Cantonese phonology, but could be improved through additional citations, explanations and organization. I've sometimes seen scholars suggesting the existence of such analyses, but so far I've failed to find any. Ex­am­ples of ex­pres­sions in­clude diu nei! Less prevalent, but still notable differences found among a number of Hong Kong speakers include: Cantonese vowels tend to be traced further back to Middle Chinese than their Mandarin analogues, such as M. /aɪ/ vs. C. /ɔːi/; M. /i/ vs. C. /ɐi/; M. /ɤ/ vs. C. /ɔː/; M. /ɑʊ/ vs. C. /ou/ etc. Such an articulation, in effect, neutralizes the contrast between aspirated and unaspirated plosives, since (屌你！ or 𨳒你！, fuck you! Although Wong also derived a romanization scheme, also known as the S. L. Wong system, it is not widely used as his transcription scheme. [28], Cantonese is widely used as the inter-communal language among Chinese Cambodians, especially in Phnom Penh and other urban areas. The Foreign Service Institute has classified Cantonese as a "Super-Hard" language. [52] This is largely due to the presence of British Hong Kongers and the fact that many British Chinese also have origins in the former British colonies in Southeast Asia of Singapore and Malaysia. The name of Tipson is associated with this new romanization which still embodied the phonology of the Fenyun to some extent. Given the traditional predominance of Cantonese within Hong Kong, it is the de facto official spoken form of the Chinese language used in the Hong Kong Government and all courts and tribunals. Phonology Edit Grammar Edit Orthography Edit Common difficulties Edit. I can't get the full text for the other one, [3] iopq (talk) 17:47, 12 February 2019 (UTC), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Cantonese_phonology&oldid=883276837, C-Class China-related articles of Mid-importance, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 14 February 2019, at 11:50. Books and studies for teachers and students in primary and secondary schools usually use this scheme. [2] While the term Cantonese specifically refers to the prestige variety, it is often used to refer to the entire Yue subgroup of Chinese, including related but largely mutually unintelligible languages and dialects such as Taishanese. Modern Cantonese Phonology Robert S. Bauer, Paul K. Benedict Limited preview - 1997. January 2000; Language Culture and Curriculum 13(1) DOI: 10.1080/07908310008666590. [48] Mandarin predominates in much of the emergent Chinese American enclaves in eastern Los Angeles County and other areas of the metropolitan region. 55, 35, 33, 21, 13 and 22 for the six tones, not sure about checked tones. Romanization was considered both a tool to help new missionaries learn the variety more easily and a quick route for the unlettered to achieve gospel literacy. Their close association is best evidenced by the very fact that all stop sounds come from nasal sounds. Cantonese first developed around the port city of Guangzhou in the Pearl River Delta region of southeastern China. Spoken Chinese has numerous regional and local varieties, many of which are mutually unintelligible. Earlier Catholic missionaries, mostly Portuguese, had developed romanization schemes for the pronunciation current in the court and capital city of China but made few efforts to romanize other varieties. In colloquial or hastened speech this becomes jap:un (where the final -t assimilates to p, and the resulting p is geminated). This is a result of teachers being penalized for using other varieties as the teaching language from mid-1990s. However, these are seldom counted as phonemic tones in modern linguistics, which prefer to analyse them as conditioned by the following consonant.[74]. As in the United States, there is a divide between Cantonese-speakers and those speaking other mainland Chinese varieties. Bridgman and Williams based their system on the phonetic alphabet and diacritics proposed by Sir William Jones for South Asian languages. [50] Later Chinese immigrants came from Hong Kong in two waves, first in the late 1960s to mid 1970s, and again in the 1980s to late 1990s on fears arising from the impending handover to the People's Republic of China. On the mainland, Cantonese continued to serve as the lingua franca of Guangdong and Guangxi provinces even after Mandarin was made the official language of the government by the Qing dynasty in the early 1900s. Consequently, there is a growing number of non-Cantonese Chinese Singaporeans being able to understand or speak Cantonese to some varying extent, with a number of educational institutes offering Cantonese as an elective language course. It is the traditional prestige variety of the Yue Chinese dialect group, which has about 68 million native speakers. Cantonese is a language within the Chinese language family originating from the city of Guangzhou (also known as Canton) and its surrounding area in Southeastern China. It is also used as the medium of instruction in schools, alongside English. Most mainlanders are capable of reciting literature only in Mandarin, irrespective of their native tongue (which includes Cantonese). [53], Cantonese is spoken by ethnic Chinese in Portugal who originate from Macau, the most established Chinese community in the nation with a presence dating back to the 16th century and Portuguese colonialism. Cantonese romanization systems are based on the accent of Canton and Hong Kong, and have helped define the concept of Standard Cantonese. Because of their dominance in Chinese diaspora overseas, standard Cantonese and its dialect Taishanese are among the most common Chinese languages that one may encounter in the West. The phonetic values of some consonants are closer to the approximate equivalents in IPA than in other systems. [15], Nevertheless, the place of local Cantonese language and culture remains contentious. Although Hokkien is the most spoken variety of Chinese, and Mandarin is the medium of education at Chinese-language schools, Cantonese is largely influential in the local Chinese-language media and is used in commerce by Chinese Malaysians. His­tor­i­cally, fi­nals that end in a stop con­so­nant were con­sid­ered as "checked tones" and treated sep­a­rately by di­achroniccon­ven­tion, iden­ti­fy­ing Can­tonese with nine tones. [55] Around this period and continuing into the 1900s, the ancestors of most of the population of Hong Kong and Macau arrived from Guangzhou and surrounding areas after they were ceded to Britain and Portugal, respectively. According to the Canada 2016 Census, there were 565,275 Canadian residents who reported Cantonese as their native language. Some of the loanwords are even more popular than their Chinese counterparts. Historically, finals that end in a stop consonant were considered as "checked tones" and treated separately by diachronic convention, identifying Cantonese with nine tones (九声六调). [39][49], Along with Mandarin and Hokkien, Cantonese has its own popular music, Cantopop, which is the predominant genre in Hong Kong. In English, the term "Cantonese" can be ambiguous. While the governments of Hong Kong and Macau utilize a romanization system for proper names and geographic locations, they are inconsistent in the transcription of some sounds and the systems are not taught in schools. There are about 630 sounds in the Cantonese syllabary. Generally speaking, Cantonese is a tonal language with six phonetic tones. Samuel Wells Willams' Tonic Dictionary of the Chinese Language in the Canton Dialect (Yinghua fenyun cuoyao 1856), is an alphabetic rearrangement, translation and annotation of the Fenyun. [8] The Chinese language has many different varieties, of which Cantonese is one. Baillie2 (talk) 04:00, 19 September 2014 (UTC)baillie2, Native speaking here. The Cantonese spoken in Hong Kong and Macau is mutually intelligible with the Cantonese spoken in the mainland city of Guangzhou, although there exist some minor differences in accent, pronunciation, and vocabulary. --Anatoli (talk) 01:12, 28 May 2014 (UTC), Overall, this article serves to present the basic segments of Cantonese phonology but lacks citation, clarification and structure. [17] Additionally, Cantonese media and popular culture from Hong Kong is popular throughout the region. [6][7] In mainland China, the term "Guangdong speech" is also increasingly being used amongst both native and non-native speakers. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. The Shanghainese language, also known as the Shanghai dialect, Hu language or Hu dialect, is a variety of Wu Chinese spoken in the central districts of the City of Shanghai and its surrounding areas. A similar situation also exists in neighboring Macau, where Chinese is an official language alongside Portuguese. For related languages and dialects, see, CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (, sfnp error: no target: CITEREFZhangYangDang2004 (, proposal to switch some programming on Guangzhou television, Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters, development of democracy in the territory, Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation, A Chinese Syllabary Pronounced According to the Dialect of Canton, Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority, List of English words of Cantonese origin, "The Hong Kong Observatory is one of the examples of the Hong Kong Government officially adopting the name "廣東話, "Basic Law, Chapter I : General Principles", "Move to Limit Cantonese on Chinese TV Is Assailed", "Why Cantonese spoken in Malaysia sounds different to Hong Kong Cantonese, and no it's not 'wrong, "Profile of the Singapore Chinese dialect groups", "Use of dialects interfere with learning of Mandarin & English", "The Position of Non-Thai Languages in Thailand", "Mandarin Use Up in Chinese American Communities", "As Mandarin language becomes standard, Chinatown explores new identity", "In Chinatown, Sound of the Future Is Mandarin", "Bensonhurst becomes Brooklyn's second Chinatown", "With an Influx of Newcomers, Little Chinatowns Dot a Changing Brooklyn", "Mapping America: Every City, Every Block", https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/nyc-population/nny2013/chapter3.pdf, "The changing Chinatowns: Move over Manhattan, Sunset Park now home to most Chinese in NYC", "Why is Canada keeping out China's rich? While the Chinese government vehemently discourages the official use of all forms of Chinese except Standard Chinese, Cantonese enjoys a relatively higher standing than other Chinese languages, with its own media and usage in public transportation in Guangdong province. Wong. Unlike the above two differences, this merge is found alongside the standard pronunciation in Hong Kong rather than being replaced. Chinese-speaking immigrants from conflict zones in Southeast Asia, especially Vietnam, arrived as well, beginning in the mid-1970s and were also largely Cantonese-speaking. In practice, Hong Kong follows a loose, unnamed romanization scheme used by the Government of Hong Kong. A new romanization was developed in the first decade of the twentieth century which eliminated the diacritics on vowels by distinguishing vowel quality by spelling differences (e.g. [67], A similar identity issue exists in the United States, where conflicts have arisen among Chinese-speakers due to a large recent influx of Mandarin-speakers. This system was preceded by the Barnett–Chao system used by the Hong Government Language School. Hong Kong Macau Language codes; ISO 639-3: yue (superset for all Yue dialects): Glottolog: cant1236: Linguasphere: 79-AAA-ma: This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. [62] The proclamation of Mandarin as the official national language, however, was not fully accepted by the Cantonese authorities in the early 20th century, who argued for the "regional uniqueness" of their own local language and commercial importance of the region. [63] Unlike other non-Mandarin Chinese varieties, Cantonese persists in a few state television and radio broadcasts today. As a result, Mandarin is becoming more common among the Chinese American community. Cantonese has traditionally been the dominant Chinese language of the Chinese Australian community since the first ethnic Chinese settlers arrived in the 1850s. [60], In Mainland China, Standard Chinese (based on Mandarin) has been heavily promoted as the medium of instruction in schools and as the official language, especially after the communist takeover in 1949. [22][23], Cantonese spoken in Malaysia and Singapore often exhibits influences from Malay and other Chinese varieties spoken in the country, such as Hokkien and Teochew. [18] Over half of the ethnic Chinese population in Vietnam speaks Cantonese as a native language and the variety also serves as a lingua franca between the different Chinese dialect groups. 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A 1909 Qing dynasty decree, China has promoted Mandarin for use education. Far i 've sometimes seen scholars suggesting the cantonese phonology wikipedia of such analyses, is!, diu ex­presses dis­may, dis­grace, and official communications [ 5 ] each... Have Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese after Teochew, Hakka and Hainanese phonetic tones bridgman and Williams based system... Some speakers or do they always remain distinct ( [ ɪn cantonese phonology wikipedia vs iːn... There have been recent attempts to minimize the use of Cantonese is the written form of Cantonese, the L.... Not differ greatly, Jyutping and Yale are the two varieties at one time some. Alongside Teochew or Thai, not sure about checked tones uses Yale, Jyutping Yale... To the standard romanization until the Yale system supplanted it merging of the two most used and taught today. Has traditionally been conducted in Cantonese Mandarin, irrespective of their native tongue ( which includes Cantonese.!