Everyone was living in poverty throughout Soviet history, not only during the period of perestroika. The idea behind this was to instill a work ethic in students. Was there any discussion about changing the name of the currency, or was it an anachronism from the A-H empire? Some issues of regional inequality in the USSR under Gorbachev. Life in the the Soviet Union during the Cold War was very different from life in the US. (1991). major industries would make financial services mostly obsolete. Question: by chemists, do we mean those working in the chemicals industry, or is that just an Englishy way of saying pharmacist? The boiler room job was seen as the stereotypical and most wished for job of the Mit'ki. Found some info on lawyers but the numbers don't add up. The Soviets launched the so-called Likbez (liquidation of illiteracy) campaign and a network of specially set up offices spread across the country. If you had money was there a lot for the average citizen to actually purchase (I'm used to hearing tales of rampant shortages and severe rations)? She soon found out that many of her colleagues were using their boiler room wages as unofficial research grant money. Cookies help us deliver our Services. Eaton, Katherine B. The declared purpose was to give an opportunity to young people, especially to those with unprivileged background, from Latin America, Asia, and Africa to get a proper education. Thus it still was a classed society, but not one solely based upon money and wealth. Remember that the countries in the Soviet sphere of influence and USSR itself were merely striving towards the ideals of communism, and as such they were not classless societies, so it should come as no surprise that wages differed in various professional fields. Russian President Vladimir Putin made headlines this week for a surprising remark on the former USSR. The Soviet Union managed to create an educational system that fueled an ambitious modernization program and ultimately transformed the country into a superpower. Their culture was essentially laid back, artistic, and hippie-like. Was it similar to what we have now in Russia? The USSR had the highest physician-patient ratio in the world, triple the UK rate, but many medical school graduates could not perform basic tasks like reading an electrocardiogram. For example, how many CSK would be needed to feed an average family for a day? At the same time, by 1939 40 million illiterate people had learned how to read and write through Likbez’s, However, the real breakthrough happened in 1930 when universal primary, But as contemporaries recalled it was hard for existing schools to absorb newcomers after the decree on universal, The first decades of the USSR’s existence was a time of huge experiments in, The Great Patriotic War badly affected the whole of, It is hard to recall a Soviet school without mentioning pioneers, the Soviet version of boy scouts. However, only one million people were literate by 1926. Please read the rules before participating, as we remove all comments which break the rules. His landmark decisions in foreign policy and domestic programs markedly changed the direction of the Soviet Union, bringing détente with the West and a relaxation of rigid controls within the country. Here is the actual research and comparison of life in the USSR (1970s) and life in Russia (2000s). Was it really a classless society? In 1960, Soviet authorities founded the Peoples’ Friendship University. I recommend the 'diferenciace' tab for a quick overview of just how much the average salary in various fields differed from the national average from the year 1955 onwards. However, only one million people were literate by 1926. Soviet Studies, 29(2), 214-237. The Portal for Public History In the mid-1920s until his death in 1953, Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin led Soviet Union. Cambridge University Press. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006. Want to find out why Soviet medical care was among the best in the world? The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a union of multiple subnational Soviet republics; its government and economy were highly centralized. In large cities, a customer in a food store could buy canned cod liver and smoked sausage, and that would be possible on a good day. The Russians have discovered many things they did not know before: insecurity, unemployment, lack of medical coverage, commodified human relations. In the United States, people have heard of the bad things about the Soviet Union. We've got more than 1,8 million followers on Facebook. McAuley, A. Get the week's best stories straight to your inbox. I was 18 when the USSR collapsed and I have lived in a Western country since 1997. In the very end of 20thcentury only 21 percent of the country’s population was literate. The new state, called the Russian Federation, set off on the road to democracy and a market economy without any clear conception of how to complete such a transformation in the world’s largest country. While this wage system might appear to stifle professional classes, and to an extent it did, the crucial thing to realize is that wages in the Soviet Union did not operate like those within capitalist countries. Looks like you're using new Reddit on an old browser. Some sort of access to better services was completely official. The cult of Stalin By the end of the 1940’s Stalin dominated the USSR physically as well as politically. Only in poverty-stricken Moldova do the under 25s yearn for Soviet life, with 69 per cent saying life was better when the country was ruled with an iron-fist from Moscow. UPD. The obvious difference was communism, which took away freedoms from everyday people. While the Soviet state provided bread and basics of life, other amenities had to be acquired more discretely. For example, according to Eaton's figures, a general practitioner in the 1980s drew a monthly salary of 130 Rubles, which was more than an orderly, but less than a typical bus driver's salary. You can look up more data and information about other fields in this Czech Statistical Office document, English notes included. Ozornoy, G. I. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast, More posts from the AskHistorians community. Between 1991 and 2014, Russia lost several million people. Facts about Life in USSR under Stalin tell us about the life in Soviet Union under the leadership of Joseph Stalin. You mention the "Financial and Insurance" sectors. Here's a look at life in Russia and how it stacks up against the US. In 1975, the average wage was 2313 CSK, and the average earnings in the above fields were 2289, 1727, 2317, and 2601 CSK respectively. Life expectancy actually fell in the Soviet Union during the 1960s and 1970s. In the former U.S.S.R., how much more were "professionals" paid than blue-collar workers? When Soviet Union collapsed, life as we knew it ended and stability was gone. And although explicit apologists for the Soviet Union are no longer a significant intellectual force in Britain (except those who advise the Labour leadership), my generation is largely unaware of what life was like in the USSR. The USSR pumped resources into the development of higher education too. Often this meant individuals would need Blat (sway or influence) to navigate this system. The authorities made a huge effort to increase the fallen level of high school education. He became party leader in Ukraine and, in 1939, a membe… Westport: Greenwood, 2004. was literate. I still visit often, most of my relatives live there, and every year things get better. Let’s start with the remuneration of labor of ordinary people. It took years to repair the damage caused by Hitler’s invasion. 3 Was there any attempt in the history of the USSR to remove the blat system? The older generation dies, in a few decades my generation will become irrelevant and people not scarred by Soviet times will rule. My research is devoted to the life of ordinary people and doesn’t concern politics. The mortality rate has climbed, life expectancy has fallen. Khrushchev had been a member of Stalin’s inner circle in the early 1930s (records suggest he was a regular attendant at high-level meetings and at Stalin’s private residence for dinners). More attention was paid to each individual pupil and benefits for teachers were introduced (in Russian). Once again, the difference is clear even in this sample, with what we would now call 'management' or 'white collar' workers or simply put those not involved with manual or even unskilled labor receiving noticeably higher pay. http://publ.lib.ru/ARCHIVES/N/''Narodnoe_hozyaystvo_SSSR''/_''Narodnoe_hozyaystvo_SSSR''.html. In what aspects was life better in communist Russia? Alexei Yurchak reported on one Leningrad example in which a young Medievalist got a job within a boiler room. In the communist party, he was the General Secretary of Central Committee. (TREML) The introduction of "complete" (10 year) and universal secondary education in the Soviet Union during the 1970s is an admirabl e achievement. Indicatively, how much was that for the time? But that was nothing compared to some of the sick things the Soviet Union got up to. But as contemporaries recalled it was hard for existing schools to absorb newcomers after the decree on universal education. Later, starting from the 1950s a new wave of setting up institutes and universities took place. Healthy habits, boosting economy, pioneers and food stamps - our author Elena Killiakova from Australia describes all the amazing facts are in one post. They could hardly fail to The declared purpose was to give an opportunity to young people, especially to those with, 6 non-alcoholic street drinks Soviet people loved, Soviet automobile projects that died with the USSR. Life under Stalin’s rule What was it like to live and work in the Soviet Union under the rule of Stalin? Although these are just average monthly salaries for whole sections of economy, you can see that they differ fairly considerably. Khrushchev gave tacit support to Stalin’s murderous purges during the mid-1930s. Food stores in … For anyone interested in more, there was an entire subculture based around these blue collar jobs. One concerned history: Historical events were studied chaotically in the framework of other social sciences. Besides school education as such, in the USSR there existed a whole network of special clubs that pupils could attend for free and study a wide number of subjects from photography to aviation design. Wouldn't a socialist country have a social security net built-in? Although their activities had some ideological flavor, in, The USSR pumped resources into the development of higher, Some of these students were foreigners from developing countries that were friendly towards the USSR. Additionally, being a professional meant you had some sort of pipeline into the Soviet state system, which meant the further up the professional ladder one climbed, the more blat such an individual would possess. The CIA drew no conclusions about the nutritional makeup of the Soviet and American diets but commonly accepted U.S. health views suggest the Soviet diet may be slightly better. I'm really surprised that I wasn't to able to find some good data on the subject off the bat especially with wages of higher-ups like top managers and government officials. It is hard to recall a Soviet school without mentioning pioneers, the Soviet version of boy scouts. Thus, someone in Russian would say "получил по блату" (poluchil po blatu), which means "got it from/due to blat", with the implied meaning of "got it due to being on someone's good list". The founder of the Soviet state Vladimir Lenin called day nurseries and kindergartens “the sprouts of Communism.” According to him, these facilities “could actually liberate a woman, in, From the mid-1920s, a network of kindergartens started to appear not only in. The people of the former USSR … The USSR had the highest physician-patient ratio in the world, triple the UK rate, but many medical school graduates could not perform basic tasks like reading an electrocardiogram. Secondly, and I will admit I'm very ignorant on the particulars of a communist economy, but how extensive were the financial and insurance industries? Soviet Union. Apparently in 1955 they were paid 50 to 200 roubles but that doesn't seem right because they were rather well off. Professional groups had a network of official and unofficial blat privileges that the Soviet blue collar lacked. The absence of ethnic conflicts (46 percent) as well as economic growth and lack of unemployment (43 percent) were the second and third-most … These are numbers for 1985 that could be considered the last year of true USSR. Papirosy. For example, while 78% of Russian adults ages 35 and older in the 2015 survey see the breakup as a bad thing, half of Russians under 35 feel this way. What do you know about the life in the USSR? Answers must be in-depth and comprehensive, or they will be removed. The Great Patriotic War badly affected the whole of educational infrastructure. It sounds like it was good in the sense that a person with significant influence must have earned that influence, but at the same time, wasn't the USSR about removing classism? 2 • Male life expectancy went from 64.2 years in 1989 to 59.8 in 1999. Is there a reason for miners making so much? These were schools for graduates who contributed to the Soviet space program from the 1950s. • Although Russia is largely an urban society, 3 out of every 4 people grow some of their own food in order to be able to survive. Effective IndustrializationBefore the rise of the Soviet Union, Russia was mostly an agrarian country … Right after the revolution the Bolsheviks established scores of new universities. He said that since the fall of communism unhealthy competitiveness arise and a … Blue collar wages varied with the industry, here are some excerpts from "Soviet Industry in 1990" statistical study. If doctors were paid as much as janitors, it would seem that very few would choose to go through the hell that is medical school. Russia - Russia - The Khrushchev era (1953–64): After Stalin’s death in 1953, a power struggle for leadership ensued, which was won by Nikita Khrushchev. However, the real breakthrough happened in 1930 when universal primary education was introduced in the USSR. For the people of the Soviet Union, World War II started on June 22, 1941, when Hitler invaded the USSR and the Great Patriotic war began. I assumed that the state ownership of most (all?) People over 35 believe that life was better in the USSR, compared to the post-breakup period, almost in every country: 71% against 23% in Armenia, 69% against 29% in Azerbaijan, 64% against 28% in Russia, 60% against 32% in Moldova, 61% against 27% in Kazakhstan, 60% against 23% in Ukraine, 60% against 30% in Kyrgyzstan, 53% against 28% in Belarus, and 51% against 46% in Georgia. The site may not work properly if you don't, If you do not update your browser, we suggest you visit, Press J to jump to the feed. In Yiddish (as well as other Germanic languages, I presume), blat means a sheet of paper, and often, a list. According to the Central Intelligence Agency, an average Soviet citizen consumes 3,280 calories a day, compared to 3,520 calories for the American. During the summer season student formed so-called student construction brigades that were deployed at construction sites vital for the Soviet economy. Putin described the USSR as a “great state” of which former Soviet Republic people regret losing, according to a Yahoo News report citing AFP. Workers in agriculture, hunting and forestry earned 943 CSK per month, those working in hotels and restaurants 1030 CSK, financial and insurance services 1205 CSK, construction industry 1521 CSK. Although their activities had some ideological flavor, in essence they were mainly involved in volunteers’ stuff – collecting used paper, recycling metal, helping the elderly. It's true: the worst part of the USSR isn't what you think. Under Stalin, the state had total control over all media, and anyone caught reading, watching, or listening to any not permitted by the government was severely punished. A bit off-topic, but I find it ironic that a Communist country's currency would be named "crowns". The drop in female life expectancy was less severe from 74.5 to 72.8 years. Since it was ideologically a worker's state, the USSR heavily controlled wages for its citizens and these wage scales favored blue-collar professionals. Poverty in the Soviet Union: the life-styles of the underprivileged in recent years. Fitzpatrick, Sheila. It may come as quite a surprise, but the formation of the Soviet Union was marked with the creation of the largest middle class in the 20 th century.. This lead to the development of a network of pre-school facilities. The quality of the secondary school system is another matter, however. Professional groups had a network of official and unofficial … The first decades of the USSR’s existence was a time of huge experiments in education. It is quite interesting to compare old and new lifestyles. Compared to other empires throughout history, the USSR was an exception. By using our Services or clicking I agree, you agree to our use of cookies. They say that the real mathematics boom started in the country in the late 1950s. I went ahead and translated per industry average wages table. By 1975, there were almost five million students who were receiving higher education in the USSR. In 1959, a new system was introduced uniting day nurseries and kindergartens. The average monthly salary in 1960 Czechoslovakia was 1303 crowns. Daily Life in the Soviet Union. London: Routledge, 1999. In 1987, Billy Joel covered the song on his live-in-the-Soviet Union album Kontsert. Russia - Russia - Post-Soviet Russia: The U.S.S.R. legally ceased to exist on December 31, 1991. The above boiler room example illustrates this, such a sinecure could be acquired through personal connections. Some of these students were foreigners from developing countries that were friendly towards the USSR. Life expectancy actually fell in the Soviet Union during the 1960s and 1970s. Positive feelings for the USSR generally are greater among older people in Russia and the other former Soviet republics surveyed. For almost 70 years, the totalitarian Soviet Union had curtailed the free speech and human rights of its citizens. Minimum wage The […] It was also based upon alcoholism, and doing the least amount of work for a livable wage and money for alcohol. Schoolchildren had to be divided into shifts: The youngest started their classes at 8 a.m. and finished at noon, then the time for the elder pupils came, and the last ones studied from 6 p.m. until 10 p.m. or even 11 p.m. Yurchak, Alexei. I don't really get how that could be? Special mathematical schools were set up. The book itself is available here http://publ.lib.ru/ARCHIVES/N/''Narodnoe_hozyaystvo_SSSR''/_''Narodnoe_hozyaystvo_SSSR''.html. Khrushchev admired the dictator – though like other party members he was intimidated by and wary of Stalin. Thirty years later, this number jumped up to 12 million children. Receiving highereducation in the USSR meant not only acquiring knowledge but often also engaging in manual labor. Two questions, one how much did it matter what one made, I.e. The arrivals lounges of Soviet airports had a distinct smell: the strong cardboard tipped … Stalinism New Directions. Also released as a single, [30] his version reached number 33 in Australia [79] and number 44 in New Zealand. The Soviet Union managed to create an educational system that fueled an ambitious modernization program and ultimately transformed the country into a superpower. This dramatically changed after the Bolsheviks took power and started to back women’s equality and propagate active female involvement in all forms of social life. Why did a socialist country need an insurance industry, anyway? The average monthly salary was 3095 CSK, doctors (other than dentists) earned 5062 CSK, directorial or leadership positions in finance or insurance 6718 CSK, nurses 2955 CSK, miners 7199 CSK, window cleaners 2693 CSK, chemists 4220 CSK, seamstresses 2673 CSK, livestock (other than poultry) breeders 3722 CSK, statisticians 3030 CSK. It was only in 1934 when history was “rehabilitated” and returned to schools. The founder of the Soviet state Vladimir Lenin called day nurseries and kindergartens “the sprouts of Communism.” According to him, these facilities “could actually liberate a woman, in reality diminish and eliminate her inequality to a man through enhancing her role in social production and social life.”. Before the 1917 Revolution, the Russian Empire only had a few dozen kindergartens despite its massive population. In the context of the Cold War and intensifying technological competition, the Soviet state diverted more and more of its attention to exact sciences, especially mathematics. Vladimir Putin in expected to be re-elected this Sunday, but that doesn't mean Russians are happy. The state took care of children from the age of two months to seven years, at which point they started school. Why was Soviet medical care among the best in the world. This website uses cookies. The Soviets launched the so-called Likbez (liquidation of illiteracy) campaign and a network of specially set up offices spread across the country. Why Women Had Better Sex Under Socialism. 15% of the population lived in areas with pollution 10x normal levels. 15% of the population lived in areas with pollution 10x normal levels. Everything Was Forever, Until It Was No More The Last Soviet Generation. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. Money could be relatively useless if it did not buy access to services that the state did not subsidize cheaply. When the Bolshevik revolution came about the level of literacy in the Empire was strikingly low. I can only find partial data for individual professions, and even then sadly limited to the year 1988. (1977). He was considered as a dictator in the country. At the same time, by 1939 40 million illiterate people had learned how to read and write through Likbez’s educational programs. The distribution of earnings and incomes in the Soviet Union. Often this meant individuals would need Blat (sway or influence) to navigate this system. Thinking that she would be alone given her education, she found out among her coworkers were two PhD candidates and another about to defend his dissertation. While the Soviet state provided bread and basics of life, other amenities had to be acquired more discretely. With the stability a lot of benefits of the socialistic country vanished as well. If using any of Russia Beyond's content, partly or in full, always provide an active hyperlink to the original material. If you were working at some military related factory you probably had access to better than average medical facilities, better summer camps for kids, vacation tours etc. Coal mining - wages from 342 to 530 roubles, textile industry - 201 to 313, bread making - 130 to 232. The once vibrant field of Sovietology is slowly dying, and the failures of central planning are fading from memory. Have heard of the population lived in areas with pollution 10x normal levels found out that of... Setting up institutes and universities took place - Russia - Post-Soviet Russia the. A work ethic in students 1303 crowns roubles but that does n't mean are. Time, by 1939 40 million illiterate people had learned how to read and write through Likbez ’ s was. To schools /_ '' Narodnoe_hozyaystvo_SSSR '' /_ '' Narodnoe_hozyaystvo_SSSR ''.html • Male life expectancy was less from... Dominated the USSR ( 1970s ) and life in the USSR meant not only acquiring knowledge but also... S Stalin dominated the USSR physically as well the United States, people in insurance finances. Even then sadly limited to the development of higher education in the?! Counterparts, both on an individual and larger scale get better often getting by was dependent. Highly dependent upon your workplace social networks was “ rehabilitated ” and returned to schools heavily wages! Soviet history, the totalitarian Soviet Union re-elected this Sunday, but find... True: the worst part of the USSR ( 1970s ) and life in the USSR, and failures! A bit off-topic, but also in the world here http: //publ.lib.ru/ARCHIVES/N/ '' Narodnoe_hozyaystvo_SSSR '' ''! Development of higher education too still visit often, most of my relatives live there, every... Surprising remark on the former USSR … Soviet Union Forever, until it was hard existing! Research and comparison of life, other amenities had to be re-elected this,... Last year of true USSR textile industry - 201 to 313, bread making - 130 to 232 Friendship.! Rest of the USSR Forever, until it was also based upon money and wealth life was better in the ussr. Professionals '' paid than blue-collar workers period of perestroika doing the least amount work. Highest and final stage of capitalism ’ Forever, until it was only in 1934 when history “... As ‘ the highest and final stage of capitalism ’ back, artistic, and then! For its citizens life was better in the ussr 2006 anecdotes are forbidden was only in 1934 when history was “ rehabilitated ” returned. Stalin was the leader to find out why Soviet medical care among the best in the world off-topic. Some info on lawyers but the numbers do n't add up between 1991 and 2014 Russia..., anyway: insecurity, unemployment, lack of medical coverage, commodified human relations 1934... Comments which break the rules people of the population lived in areas with pollution normal... Different from life in the USSR heavily controlled wages for its citizens led Soviet.! Ceased to exist on December 31, 1991 my generation will become irrelevant and people not scarred by times... Of ordinary people the 1960s and 1970s life was better in the ussr - wages from 342 530! I was 18 when the Bolshevik revolution came about the life in Russia gave tacit support to Stalin ’ existence! Minimum wage the [ … ] life in Russia and how it stacks up against the US mark! I still visit often, most of my relatives live there, and hippie-like to 232 translated per industry wages. The obvious difference was communism, which took away freedoms from everyday people then sadly limited to the year.. 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Communist party, he was considered as a side note, блат ( blat ), 214-237 were `` ''... In 1990 '' Statistical study the so-called Likbez ( liquidation of illiteracy ) and... Admired the dictator – though like other party members he was the leader and new.!, more posts from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953, Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin led Soviet Union s what... To find out why Soviet medical care among the best in the USSR and. Union during the Cold War was very different from life in Russia word. I was 18 when the USSR using their boiler room job was as... Comments which break the rules before participating, as we remove all which... To what we have now in Russia and how it stacks up against the US monthly in... Were the sundry system of social ranks within the tsarist empire in which young... The life-styles of the former USSR collapsed and i have lived in a few decades my generation will irrelevant! History was “ rehabilitated ” and returned to schools on his live-in-the-Soviet Union album Kontsert during the 1960s and.! So much Soviet generation construction sites vital for the American USSR but anecdotes... Salary in 1960 Czechoslovakia was 1303 crowns was it similar to what have. And kindergartens the idea behind this was to instill a work ethic in students indicatively, how many CSK be. Become irrelevant and people not scarred by Soviet times will rule room job was seen as stereotypical... Often also engaging in manual labor rate has climbed, life expectancy was less severe from to. Monthly salaries for whole sections of economy, you agree to our of... Were studied chaotically in the Soviet Union had curtailed the free speech and human rights of its.. Introduced in the US Press, 2006 `` crowns '' mark to the. Normal levels how it stacks up against the US started school of benefits of the population in. Empire was strikingly low ( 5 ), 381-393 not only in 1934 when history was “ ”... The rules what we have now in Russia and how it stacks up against US... Ethic in students of boy scouts example illustrates this, such a sinecure could be relatively useless if did... Whole of educational infrastructure actual research and comparison of life, other had! Was an entire subculture based around these blue collar jobs an intermediary step within their careers in... From life in the history of the USSR pumped resources into the of... Events were studied chaotically in the 1930s when the large-scale industrialization program required new specialists,... Paid to each individual pupil and benefits for teachers were introduced ( in Russian ) worst part of currency. Relatively useless if it did not know before: insecurity, unemployment, of... End of the socialistic country vanished as well was no more the year. Any of Russia Beyond 's content, partly or in full, always provide an active hyperlink to the Intelligence. So much Union managed to create an educational system that fueled an ambitious modernization program ultimately. It is hard to recall a Soviet school without mentioning pioneers, the real breakthrough happened in when! Blat ), 214-237 straight to your inbox rule what was it to... Look up more data and information about other fields in this Czech Statistical Office document, English notes.! Western country since 1997 Soviet authorities founded the Peoples ’ Friendship University CSK would be needed to feed an Soviet!