Durum wheat is a low responsive to anther culture method species. Lundqvist Gils Matsumoto The effect of male sterility-inducing cytoplasm in wheat can be counteracted by nuclear-encoded fertility-restorer (Rf) genes. Deployment of novel transgenic constructs to drive non-GM hybrid breeding systems may be a step towards alleviating public concern over GM crops. AE M Feng JC . TW In this study, tobacco plastids were engineered to express phaA, a β-ketothiolase from Acinetobacter sp. K Friend 1). Helliwell Goddard Genomic selection has been used successfully to predict hybrid performance in wheat (Zhao et al., 2013) and maize (Massman et al., 2013). In wheat crop manual emasculation of spikes is laborious and time consuming. . X Martin-Canadell J C This system overcomes many of the problems with existing fertility control systems and facilitates large-scale production of male-sterile lines that are used as female inbred parents. Anther culture is a well-known and effective method to produce 100% homozygous lines in a single generation accelerating the release of new varieties and reducing the corresponding expenses (Henry and de Buyser, 1990;Deyao and Xigan, 1990; Nine teosinte lines were evaluated as pollen sources for haploid wheat production together with elite maize lines. The diversity among grass inflorescences is a result of variation in the identity and determinacy of floral meristems produced throughout inflorescence development (Fig. Waltz Ramos These are sequence-specific RNA-binding proteins, which in some cases can directly bind CMS-ORFs, typically suppressing their transcription and translation (Gillman et al., 2007; Kazama et al., 2008; Uyttewaal et al., 2008). Both NCIII and TTC designs begin with an F2 segregating population having i plant individuals, created from a cross between two parental inbred lines (P-1 and P-2) that differ in the trait of interest. Forster Qualset et al.Â. . VE . Irish . Siemeling R 2A–C). M develops their own favorite techniques over time. Therefore, advances in promoting controlled cross-pollination in wheat represents a major step towards the study of the genetic basis of heterosis in this species. HN Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Gils This paper will be an important addition to the emerging literature regarding effects of credit studies. In wheat, emasculation is done by scissors and forceps, and is usually done 1-3 days before anthesis. An example of transcriptional gene silencing to hybrid breeding is the targeted trans-inactivation of male fertility genes in maize (Cigan et al., 2005, 2012). ST (C) Palea and reproductive tissues. BS Takumi Barker 2G, see the two laxatum-like spikes on right) would also enable each floret to open widely. M FP The techniques used encompass genome editing nucleases, oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis, and RNA-dependent DNA methylation. Comstock The parental varieties of theDHLs,Greek cultivars “Acheloos” and “Vergina”, were used as controls. SJ . Ideally, studies of nutritional and environmental factors on grain development, uncomplicated by interactions with other parts of the plant, would best be carried out by culturing the isolated caryopsis. Gong Miyao J CC Ashton Conner Technow DR The sugar accumulations led to decreased total and osmotic potentials of the bracts, but turgor was maintained or increased. Broer Peng Emasculation is the removal of stamens from female parent before they burst and shed their pollens. Melchinger 2E, G), and a self-incompatibility system to prevent selfing. (B) floret. (1997) created a dominant GMS system that relied on tapetal cell ablation induced through the targeted expression of a cytotoxic bacterial ribonuclease (Fig. Ten- to twelve-day-old embryos gave higher frequencies of plant formation (83.6%) than 14-day-old embryos(50.0%). Huang Besides the surveys on the genetic basis of heterosis, there are multiple experiments on the molecular basis of heterosis (reviewed by Schnable and Springer, 2013). RH-007 was used for commercial production in the USA and Europe for a limited time, because it only worked in select genotypes and in a narrow application window and was therefore deemed commercially high risk (Cisar and Cooper, 2002). 4C). Y . Flowering synchronization of wheat plants and pollinators was performed. An example of the utility of PTGMS is the two-line hybrid rice system, which takes advantage of a mutation in O. japonica cv. Kohno-Murase . AF Ideally, both male and female parental plants for hybrid seed production would possess open flowering spikelets and the following desirable traits to achieve cross-pollination. H . Vyas . Horn miR172 is conserved in higher plants and regulates A-class APETALA2 (AP2) and AP2-like transcription factors in maize (Lauter et al., 2005; Chuck et al., 2007, 2008), rice (Zhu et al., 2009), and barley (Nair et al., 2010). . Barlow N Song P While grain-filling was sustained by the provision of sucrose supplied artificially, light did nevertheless affect the accumulation of dry matter in the grains. Altmann E. . . In wheat and oats, the florets are retained after removing the anthers without damaging the spikelets. SI The SPT maintainer plants produce equal amounts of transgenic and non-transgenic pollen (1:1). De Block Chhabra and Sethi, 1991; Murai et al., 2002; Yang, 2010). Hallauer Mori Tsunewaki E However this approach is complicated by the different requirements for vernalization, photoperiod, quality, and frost tolerance. These systems are based around transgenes expressing glyphosate-insensitive activity of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) derived from the Agrobacterium sp. Fu H T The inability to transform the mitochondrial genome would normally preclude engineering CMS; however, a recent study showed that the plastid genome can act as a surrogate (Ruiz and Daniell, 2005). Hybridization is very much essential for food production . One maize inbred gave a significantly lower haploid embryo yield. Bowen S Y Imamura Hiei Liu M Plan C . N Emasculation and crossing are tedious. in rice the anthesis at Coimbatore takes place between 7.00 to 10.00 A.M. Yang JW N E An improved understanding of the underlying genetic mechanisms of heterosis represents a key step towards a systematic development of complementary groups of lines exhibiting high heterosis. 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