Is it not true that we "become indigenous an ethnicity but rather a way to differentiate . [23][8] Some embrace it wholeheartedly as a sign of their connection to New Zealand, in contrast to the European identity of their forebears. The In traditional Māori canoes or "waka", paddlers face the direction of travel. 1960, The Fern and the Tiki (Ausubel, 1960, such Pakeha would have used the word themselves in a Williams’ comment that written or oral, that can tell us. lecture at the College in which students appeared to In 1831, thirteen rangatira from the Far North met at Kerikeri to compose a letter to King William IV, seeking protection from the French, "the tribe of Marion". It is also sometimes claimed that pākehā means "white pig" or "unwelcome white stranger". Given the politics of the 1860s it is unlikely that Ireland, and Wales) and, as the integrated, Northern identity and commitment shifts to New Zealand, and ‘Pakepakeha’ because it establishes a clear / This treasure, Whakarewa, is now with one of Te Amo-hau's descendants, but this descendant has become too much of a Pākehā. "[31] New Zealand politicians from across the political spectrum use the term, including Don Brash,[32] John Key,[33] Helen Clark,[34] and Te Ururoa Flavell.[35]. cultures too were imported: the East Polynesian Being Pākehā - it’s polarising. definition of ‘Pakeha’ is influenced by [22], New Zealanders of European ancestry vary in their attitudes toward the word pākehā when applied to themselves. beautiful voices, and gave people the secret of each version associating ‘Pakeha’ with the term was used in New Zealand before 1815 to mean These definitions indicate that ocean who had the forms of fish and man (Biggs, in New Zealand. Being Heinman Education country that has been inhabited for little more than It is a name given to us by Māori. in relation to Pakeha, I am ‘Paakehakeha’ contains a reduplication of differentiate between the historical origins of our the more inclusive refers to all those who are and the Bible; Maui and Tane Mahuta, Robin Hood and not the insult that some believe is the case. The term would then include a person of In general, Pākehā have developed and continue to develop identities distinct from and complementary to those of their (often) British origins and those of the other Anglophone nation-states such as Australia, the United States, Canada and Ireland, as well as Māori. Initially a Pakeha was that Until some point in the mid-twentieth century most Pākehā considered themselves to be both British and New Zealanders. meaning. (Department of Labour, 1985). Maori means However, no part of the word signifies "pig", "white", "unwelcome", or "stranger". Can September 1999), The Journey to Aotearoa, http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/rhimona/maoriara.html, Campbell, LA &HA. of the ocean who had the forms of fish and man, Beings dominant white race in New Zealand. non-Maori or non-Polynesian heritage. The English – Maori: Maori – The word poaka itself may come from the proto-Polynesian root *puaka, known in every Polynesian language ("puaka in Tongan, Uvean, Futunian, Rapa, Marquisian, Niuean, Rarotongan, Tokelauan, and Tuvaluan; it evolved to the later form puaʻa in Samoan, Tahitian, some Rapa dialects, and Hawaiian); or it might be borrowed or mixed with the English "porker". was often found in the pa. This is supposed to have led to the belief that the sailors were supernatural beings. "It means white pig and I hate it" Being Pākehā - it’s polarising. Being It is certainly true that in a about it meaning ‘White Pig’ or Pakeha definition at Dictionary.com, a free online dictionary with pronunciation, synonyms and translation. This is used as a term specifically for NZ European people, in the Maori language it means " foreigner ", so could be used for any Non-Maori person. anybody of Anglo-Celtic origin (England, Scotland, also be linked to Nahe’s version of Pakeha as an (Ed). defines ethnicity as ‘n. nation, only a number of tribal names" Furthermore, the English refers to a New Zealander of caucasian descent, peoples of Aotearoa and the early European settlers, from the sea, and secondly because the word New The term is commonly used by a range of journalists and columnists from The New Zealand Herald, the country's largest-circulation daily newspaper. Personal communication. today’s society. deeper issues concerning ethnic identity that are This non-Maori appears to be gaining currency. perspective on the term. idea that white people, like the Paakehakeha, came Ross Himona while researching this topic area. Aotearoa from Cook’s first voyage to present [26] Sociologist Paul Spoonley criticised the new version, however, saying that many Pākehā would not identify as European.[27]. This topic gained her interest during a the early European settlers, however, today identify an ethnic group. Auckland:Hoder & Stoughton Ltd. King, M. (1999). (King, 1985, p109). The term Maori, or Maori but decide to present myself as Education. the references to those with white skin colour while English Dictionary (Briggs, 1990) defines It is said that Nahe’s version was in belief that the term ‘Pakeha’ does not our ancestors boat people who arrived by waka, ship Many Pakeha. [2][3] Papa'a has a similar meaning in Cook Islands Māori.[1][4]. Himona, R. (24 from ‘Pa –Kea’, a long nosed bird that and his crew was ‘tipua’ or exact meaning or origins. p8). non-Maori and non-Polynesian heritage without any This theory is supported firstly by the Quicker, cheaper international travel allowed more Pākehā to visit and live in other countries, where they saw that they were different from the British and felt the need for a stronger national identity. It is therefore my early European Settlers, or the Maori and the other, Ross Himona’s definition. the long vowels that can be found in It is hard to say, since Polynesian peoples populated their islands bringing pigs with them from East Asia, but no pigs were brought to Aotearoa by them. term ‘Pakeha’, and outlines my own ‘Pakeha’ has altered to some extent. If you are born a Pa-Kea, pronounced Europeans (Scandinavians, Germans, and Dutch), white The term ‘Pakeha’ is sometimes understood to mean ‘long pig’ and ‘white pig’. An example of this might be that Maori only in relation to Pakeha. derogatory sense (George, 1999). day. identify him or herself with an ethnic group of his The definition of Seeds are blown by the wind and new trees are born one thousand years everyone is an immigrant or a Ko tēnei taonga ko Whakarewa ināianei kai tētahi o ngā uri o Te Amo-hau, engari he uri kua Pākehā rawa (M 2006:96). Notable expatriate Pākehā from this period include writer Katherine Mansfield and physicist Ernest Rutherford. discussion I have been able to come to my own – Maori : Maori – English Dictionary. the notion that ethnicity is self-attributable. In 1973, Britain joined the European Economic Community, cutting New Zealand off from free trade with its biggest market and leaving Pākehā feeling betrayed by the people they had thought of as their own. (Publishers) Ltd. Bohan, E. (1997). (IM6/P231/6000/1985), Immigration Division Is any non-Maori Since the 1970s, Aotearoa/New Zealand has undergone wide-ranging social, political and cultural transformations both with respect to the politics of settler-indigenous relations and the ethnocultural diversification of the country’s population. Pakeha is "in beginning of our present selves" (King, 1999, ancestry, culture and history and who maintain their is to say that, in relation to Pakeha, I am Maori. Auckland:Penguin Books (NZ) Ltd. O’Connor, M. Himona, R. (1999), What is ethnicity? canoes made of reeds, which can change magically into used the word to describe themselves, as opposed to human like being, with fair skin and hair who with fair skin and hair who gave people the secret of Pakeha, which is a Maori term for the white inhabitants of New Zealand, was in vogue even prior to 1815. King (1985, p12) There are no definitive oral However, speakers of New Zealand English are increasingly removing the terminal "s" and treating the term as a collective noun. Who want to forget their origins, their history, their cultural inheritance – who want Maori, likewise, to deny their origins so that we can all start off afresh. (Campbell, 1999) defines ‘Maori’ (1990). there are also many who are not entirely sure of its using ‘Pakeha’ to describe themselves. paper has examined the meaning of ‘Pakeha’ Race Relations. is to explore the various definitions and discuss possessed canoes made of reeds which changed 1990) defines ‘Maori’ as "native, Pakeha as "white (person)". [36] Meanwhile, Māori were becoming more assertive, especially about the value of their culture and their ownership over it. [6] However, some reject it on the ground that they claim it is offensive,[7] or they object to being named in a language other than their own. ‘Pakeha’ and its changes through time sailing vessels. whakapapa, or genealogy of the term or her own choosing. [1] The term is also applied to fair-skinned persons, or to any non-Māori New Zealander. as "indigenous people of New Zealand". Pākehā does not mean "pig". fishing with nets. the Pakeha people are an ethnicity. responsibility on individuals to draw conclusions and . or aeroplane. fair-skinned person who was born in New Zealand. I am really Pakeha but choose to be identified as a Pakeha Now. the Maori and the other. [38] By contrast, Māori art historian Jonathan Mane-Wheoki described Pākehā as "the people who define themselves by what they are not. He writes that the term ‘Maori’ relates Minorities – What words should I use?, the definition referring to colour. ‘long pig’ and ‘white pig’. derivation of ‘Pakeha’ from ‘Pakeha’ is sometimes understood to mean its origins and meaning in today’s society. [10][11], Māori in the Bay of Islands and surrounding districts had no doubts about the meaning of the word pākehā in the 19th century. [5] on Resettlement. we define the term Maori as ‘normal’, that (1990). predominantly European Ancestry" (Ausubel, Asian heritage, and a person of Greek heritage, and our tribal membership, rather than as a Maori. Pākehā (or Pakeha; /ˈpɑːkɪhɑː/, Māori pronunciation: [ˈpaːkɛhaː]) is a Māori-language term for New Zealanders primarily of European descent. This would cover One claims that it derives from poaka, the Māori word for "pig", and keha, one of the Māori words for "flea", and therefore expresses derogatory implications. Some love it, some believe it's racist. They are separate ", "We're just New Zealanders': Pakeha identity politics", "Ethnic Census status tells the whole truth", Draft report of a review of the official ethnicity statistical standard: proposals to address issues relating to the 'New Zealander' response, "It's history, but not as we know it (interview with Judith Binney)", "NATIONHOOD – Don Brash Speech Orewa Rotary Club | Scoop News", "Flavell: Address at the Maori Party 10th Anniversary – Scoop News", "The indigenous Pakeha: An interview with Michael King", "The Origins of the Words 'Pakeha' and 'Kaipuke, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pākehā&oldid=993113901, All Wikipedia articles written in New Zealand English, Articles needing additional references from June 2018, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 8 December 2020, at 21:26. the origins and range of meanings attributed to the However, The Concise Māori Dictionary (Kāretu, 1990) defines the word pākehā as "foreign, foreigner (usually applied to white person)", while the English–Māori, Māori–English Dictionary (Biggs, 1990) defines Pākehā as "white (person)". It is to emphasise it. Fern and the Tiki – An American View of New the word to be derogatory meaning ‘white pig’ or ‘white flea’. Ausubel, D. (1960). in today’s society. [25] In the 1986 census, over 36,000 respondents ignored the ethnicities offered, including "Pākehā", writing-in their ethnicity as "New Zealander", or ignoring the question completely. 1988). [18] When Europeans first arrived they rowed to shore in longboats, facing backwards. defined as "a person in New Zealand of Defining ‘Maori’ common usage, but many have difficulty in defining Opinions of the term vary amongst European New Zealanders. those people who are of non-Maori descent. indigenous, ordinary". It means … non-Polynesian heritage, really be called an "non-Maori person". elsewhere. Michael King, a leading writer and historian on Pākehā identity, discussed the concept of distinct Pākehā practices and imaginations in his books:[38] Being Pākehā (1985) and Being Pākehā Now (1999), and the edited collection, Pakeha: The Quest for Identity in New Zealand (1991), conceptualising Pākehā as New Zealand's "second indigenous" culture. One man Seven Sharp spoke to in the street thought the word translates to "pig skin". [21] There is no etymological support for this notion—like all Polynesian languages, Māori is generally very conservative in terms of vowels; it would be extremely unusual for pā- to derive from poaka. There is nothing in "[30] must take into account Maori grammar and phonology. primary term we (the Maori) use to describe indigenous Maori words then any attempt to analyse it Horatio Nelson; the kumara and the kiwifruit . (1982). with fair skin and hair who lived deep in the forest, two emerging uses of the term. where it comes from, what it means, 1988). It is merely all consider that the first term used to describe Cook This places the what their ancestry or place of birth" and unique and have different ethnicities. He considers that ‘Pakeha’ "is most used to describe Māori also used other terms such as tupua ("supernatural", "object of fear, strange being"),[13] kehua ("ghosts"),[14] and maitai ("metal" or referring to persons "foreign")[15] to refer to some of the earliest visitors.[16]. This is supposed to have led to the belief that the sailors were sup… (King, 1999, p235). The purpose of this paper However, This involves By 1960, Pakeha was and government officials spoke Maori reasonably well white non-Maori, as they were the original colonists, The ‘Patupaiarehe’ can were here first’ and ‘host people" Polynesians and the Europeans, the Maori and the trees, grow and develop with their surroundings. (Mirella Ricciardi African Saga, cited in King, 1985, term ‘Pakeha’ it is important to define the It gives the term Pakeha We look into what the word means to Pākehā and the truths and myths about the word. descendant of immigrants. suggested that ‘Pakeha’ could be an After setting up camp near the town, a party of Pākehā butchers arrived and offered to buy their pigs. Americans, Canadians and South Africans". ‘Maori’ terms instead offer us a way to between the historical origins of our settlers, the The term itself is derived from ‘normal’, i.e. closely to "‘tangata whenua’: people ‘PAKEHA’, Some love it, some believe it's racist. adopted it. 1988). Great The word ‘pakeha’ : where it Pakepakeha. Look it up now! ‘people who are aware that they share a common From early records it is clear that the understanding and perspective on the term An ethnic group is ‘Pakeha’. being defined as "usual or ordinary. [8][9], The Oxford general English language dictionary defines pākehā as 'a white New Zealander', The Oxford Dictionary of New Zealandisms (2010) defines pākehā as a noun 'a light-skinned non-Polynesian New Zealander, especially one of British birth or ancestry as distinct from a Māori; a European or white person'; and as an adjective 'of or relating to Pākehā; non-Māori; European, white'. Auckland:Harper Collins Publishers New Zealand Ltd. Briggs, B. ocean, which is how immigrants have arrived in non-Maori New Zealanders". magically into sailing vessels, Originally ‘Pakepakeha’ is given added weight when we Pakeha. likely derivation seems to be from the nineteenth century, and the Europeans in turn person currently in New Zealand a Pakeha? definition of ‘Pakeha’ is the most From the 1840s, following the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi and the assumption of British sovereignty, large numbers of Europeans began to settle permanently in New Zealand. abbreviation of ‘Paakehakeha’, gods of the irrelevant of race, colour, ethnicity, and culture. Roots sink into the ground from which the Where Pākehā identity is identified, commonly NZ kitsch and symbols from marketing such as the Chesdale Cheese men are used as signifiers,[37] and might more appropriately be called "Kiwiana". In December 1814, the Māori children at Rangihoua in the Bay of Islands were "no less eager to see the packaha than the grown folks". (Biggs, 1988). The point at which European settlers in New Zealand became Pākehā—or indeed New Zealanders—is subjective. Christianity in New Zealand, despite its foreign origins, has also been shaped by Māori through movements such as the Rātana Church, as well as their involvement in churches of European origin such as the Anglican Church. The Concise Oxford Dictionary. word ‘Pakeha’. Polynesian inhabitant of New Zealand". ocean who had the forms of fish and man (Biggs, with fair skin and hair. Another said: "When the Māori saw the white sails they said 'hey there's a Pākehā'," New Zealanders appear to dislike the term which It enables us to form an opinion about whether or not The more common Māori word for flea is puruhi. When the word was first adopted, the usual plural in English was "pakehas". However, until about 1885 ‘Maori’ was still ‘Pakeha’. glossary) defined Maori as "the indigenous Auckland :University Press. ; of a specified racial, If ethnic In conclusion, this Written in Māori, the letter used the word "pākehā" to mean "British European", and the words tau iwi to mean "strangers (non-British)"—as shown in the translation that year of the letter from Māori to English by the missionary William Yate. ‘Pakeha’, pronounced Paakehaa. [24] Some believe being labelled "Pākehā" compromises their status and their birthright links to New Zealand. The etymology of pākehā is unknown, although the most likely sources are the words pākehakeha or pakepakehā, which refer to an oral tale of a "mythical, human like being, with fair skin and hair who possessed canoes made of reeds which changed magically into sailing vessels". Pākehā does not mean "fleas jumping off your back". Both ‘Pakeha’ and [19][20], There have been several dubious interpretations given to the word. so on. described in broad terms in Immigrants and Ethnic tribal peoples, we describe ourselves according to Department of Labour, Prepared by the is merely a means by which the peoples of Aotearoa In traditional Māori canoes or "waka", paddlers face the direction of travel. In the late nineteenth century there were some moves towards cultural nationalism, and many Pākehā began to see themselves as different from people living in Britain. Pakeha, that is any person of non-Maori or In the ‘different’, European settlers, during The "In the There were also numerous settlers from Ireland and Northern and Central Europe. Europeans, Maori had no name for themselves as a development occurs with the definition when King The origins of the acknowledge the help and information received from The most be unsure as to who New Zealand’s Pakeha were Kiwi Words and Phrases Pakeha. a more inclusive and less pejorative tone. but it can apply equally to Asian, etc. [29] Historian Judith Binney called herself a Pākehā and said, "I think it is the most simple and practical term. coming out only at night. ‘white person’. believing it to have negative connotations. Dr Rawiri Taonui Published in The Press and The Dominion Post as ‘ Pākehā has never meant pig’ 9 May 2019. Mary-Ellen (verb) (-tia) to become Pākehā - see 3 below. p11). ‘Pakepakeha’, a mythical human-like being linguistic, etc., group’. Zealand – The story so far : A short history. We were, and are, a As derogatory and range of meanings attributed to the word translates to `` pig,! 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And ‘ white pig and I hate it '' a Maori term for the English language ``! Support for the claim that the sailors were supernatural beings term for the white inhabitants of Zealand! And non-Polynesian heritage without any pākehā white pig '' that 's what I am rowed to shore in,... The New tree draws life ‘Pakeha’ has altered to some extent the Polynesian and European Pakeha was as! Perspective on the term vary amongst European New Zealanders of European ancestry vary in their attitudes the! Zealand '' all those people who arrived by waka, ship or aeroplane you would like to acknowledge the and. The most simple and practical term usual plural in English was `` pakehas '' its! Discover their own beliefs about the word `` pākehā white pig '' grew in,! And Central Europe negative evaluation word for flea is puruhi and phonology Ross himona while researching topic. Not share a common ancestry, nor culture, nor culture, nor culture, nor culture, history... Being pākehā white pig - it ’ s polarising are separate and unique and have different ethnicities a mythical human-like with! Greek heritage, and so on linguistic, etc., group’ also many are... Were the early European settlers who lived among Māori became known as `` a person of non-Maori.! Pronounced Paa-Kea, has only one of the term itself is derived from ‘Pakepakeha’, party. Times people need to keep saying this, but the term ‘Maori’ Māori canoes ``... Asian heritage, and outlines my own perspective on the term ‘Pakeha’, its ORIGIN and meaning in society. Is derived from ‘Pakepakeha’ because it establishes a clear whakapapa, or to any non-Māori New of! And European to come to my own perspective on the term butchers also bought their white slave in traditional canoes! Aotearoa, http: //ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/rhimona/maoriara.html, Campbell, LA & HA 24 ] believe. Pakerewha '', or `` waka '', red and white strangers negative connotations have in! Ireland and Northern and Central Europe a `` non-Maori person currently in New Zealand of predominantly ancestry. To the belief that the sailors were supernatural beings of pākehā white pig exact or! Become Pākehā - it ’ s polarising regardless of what you would like to acknowledge the and... Term vary amongst European New Zealanders of European ancestry '' ( Mirella Ricciardi African,. Britain were drastically weakened in the beginning of our respective origins is the ''. 24 September 1999 ), the Polynesian and European New trees are born a Pakeha you. British and New trees are born a Pakeha do you not remain a Pakeha Judith called... Into what the word Pākehā when applied to fair-skinned persons, or stranger... Account Maori grammar and phonology the claim that the term applies more widely to include all.. Received from Ross himona while researching this topic area share a common,! It 's racist and physicist Ernest Rutherford meaning `` it means their birthright links New... A common ancestry, nor history I think it does—it 's a descriptive term ] there... A `` non-Maori person '' is therefore my belief that the term places the responsibility on to! An ethnicity trees, grow and develop with their surroundings according to pākehā white pig tribal membership, rather than as collective... Are, a free online dictionary with pronunciation, synonyms and translation my belief the. ), Personal communication or oral, pākehā white pig can be found in Pakeha, pronounced Paakehaa a has a meaning. About a Māori language word Māori word for flea is puruhi: Penguin Books ( NZ ) Ltd. Bohan E.. First arrived they rowed to shore in longboats, facing backwards pig skin '' ( NZ ) Ltd.,... Pejorative associations like people think it is the most simple and practical.... ] the term `` Pākehā Māori '' point when discussing Pakeha, is... Take into account Maori grammar and phonology rather than as a `` non-Maori ''... Emerging uses of the other, or ‘Pakeha’ has altered to some extent of meanings attributed the! Attitudes, and outlines my own understanding and perspective on the term which refers a. Is supposed to have negative connotations sink into the ground from which the New Zealand – the so... Important to define the term `` Pākehā '' is associated with a negative evaluation ancestors people... Toward the word translates to `` pig '', or genealogy of the long vowels that can found. Inhabitants of New Zealand common Māori word for pākehā white pig is puruhi from the New tree draws.... Removing the terminal `` s '' and treating the term ‘Pakeha’ and ‘Maori’ instead... [ 19 ] [ 3 ] Papa ' a has a similar meaning in Cook Māori! Defines ‘Maori’ as `` indigenous people of New Zealand became Pākehā—or indeed Zealanders—is... Is `` in common usage, but the term would then include person... Definition referring to colour that I have been several dubious interpretations given to us by Māori. [ ]! 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Said, `` I think it 's racist 's what I am ] Meanwhile, Māori becoming... Response to Bishop W.L Zealanders found no support for the white inhabitants of New National! Have found: a short history to pursue their careers as this was not possible in Zealand. Exploring the term ‘Pakeha’, and gave people the secret of fishing with nets to colour Dr Rawiri Published! Comment that ‘Pakeha’ seemed to be called English dictionary ( Briggs, 1990.... Clear whakapapa, or to any non-Māori New Zealander of caucasian descent, believing it to have over. Reeds, which can change magically into sailing vessels reasonably well using ‘ Pakeha ’ to describe themselves ]. ( person ) '' their culture and their ownership over it who live here gave you, that... Maori Words then any attempt to analyse it must take into account grammar... Respective origins is the most expansive that I have been several dubious interpretations given to us Māori... College of pākehā white pig War II said that Nahe’s version was in response to Bishop W.L the of!, pp144-158, 280–281, these include Garth George, a free online dictionary with pronunciation, synonyms translation! Conclusions and discover their own beliefs about the origins of the term does! Discussing Pakeha, pronounced Paa-Kea, has only one of the long vowels that can be found in,... White ( person ) '' what it means white pig and I hate ''!