Aim To illustrate an approach to data analysis in qualitative case study methodology.. Background There is often little detail in case study research about how data were analysed. Abstract . Case study research in TESOL and second language acquisition (SLA) has its origins in psychology and linguistics (e.g., Hatch, 1978), with a focus on the development of L2 syntax, morphology, phonology, and so on, as analyzed by an ostensibly objective researcher. A quantitative analysis of the data follows in Chapter 5. 145-152). Yin, R. K. (1994). Outlook. Qualitative methods include ethnography, grounded theory, discourse analysis, and interpretative phenomenological analysis. 137-174). Once written records are available, analysis involves the coding of data and the identification of salient points or structures. Qualitative analysis was used to examine the interview transcripts and derive fundamental categories that summarized the underlying thematic structure. London: Routledge. First, case study research as a research strategy within qualitative social research is briefly presented. The use of qualitative content analysis in case study research pdf rating. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Research approaches in applied linguistics. This implies that qualitative data analysis of case studies is complex and requires flexibility, experience, and skill. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. This website uses cookies. Because attrition may deeply affect longitudinal case studies based on just one or two participants, sampling carefully is crucial. Stake, R. E. (1995). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer. Identification of the case. In qualitative research data analysis is the most complex part of study. Thematic analysis in qualitative research provides a sophisticated tool to achieve that goal. (1978). Consider alternate explanations, and account for results that run contrary to the themes that emerge or for differences among triangulated sources. Young L2 learners or others who are not highly proficient in their L2 may not have the maturity or the linguistic competence to convey their perspectives easily; in some cases, an assistant who can speak the participant's L1 to explain the research purposes and elicit the participant's views in their L1 may be helpful, depending on the focus of the study (Duff, in press). Please log in from an authenticated institution or log into your member profile to access the email feature. Case studies may be included in larger quantitative or qualitative studies to provide a concrete illustration of findings, or they may be conducted independently, either longitudinally or in a more limited temporal period. Cohen, L., & Manion, L. (1994). In the qualitative phase, I analyzed the data … Draw data either from one primary source (e.g., oral interviews, journals, or essays) or from multiple sources. Observations and data collection settings may range from natural to artificial, with relatively unstructured to highly structured elicitation tasks and category systems, depending on the purpose of the study and the disciplinary traditions associated with it (Cohen & Manion, 1994). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Qualitative research methods are designed in a manner that help reveal the behavior and perception of a target audience with reference to a particular topic. To do a case study in qualitative research, carefully select a specific subject and use appropriate data collection methods and analysis to attempt to understand the subject and surrounding circumstances -- also called context. Research methods in education (4th ed.). Login or create a profile so that you can create alerts and save clips, playlists, and searches. Style for a research paper often abbr crossword analysis Qualitative case study in foreign policy case study Qualitative case analysis in study give back to community essay research paper on the zodiac killer, sample bar essay questions, texas a&m essay requirements 2020 write a short essay on responsibility, essay writing on freedom fighters in telugu. It is the analysis of the qualitative component of this study that forms the basis of the discussion contained herewith. QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS 4.1 INTRODUCTION In this chapter, I describe the qualitative analysis of the data, including the practical steps involved in the analysis. Doing qualitative research: A practical handbook. Johnson, D. M. (1992). Case studies may be descriptive or explanatory. The case study approach allows in-depth, multi-faceted explorations of complex issues in their real-life settings. In N. Wolfson & E. Judd (Eds. Once a satisfactory solution has been achieved the results of the QCA study can then be published or used in other ways. Multiple cases are often preferable to single cases, particularly when the cases may not be representative of the population from which they are drawn and when a range of behaviors/profiles, experiences, outcomes, or situations is desirable. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Hatch, E. How thematic analysis works. (Ed.). Developing basic conversational ability in a second language: A case study of an adult learner of Portuguese. London: Longman. It’s often used with a theory testing approach, where no such case study has been done before, so new explanations are likely to be generated using phenomenology or grounded theory. The following guidelines are provided for submissions reporting case study research aimed at understanding a bounded phenomenon by examining in depth, and in a holistic manner, one or more particular instances of the phenomenon. In language policy research, the case may be a country. If multiple cases are used, researchers often provide a detailed account of each and then some form of cross-case comparison, either in prose or in a tabular summary (Creswell, 1998). Step 2: Identifying themes, patterns and relationships.Unlike quantitative methods, in qualitative data analysis there are no universally applicable techniques that can be applied to generate findings.Analytical and critical thinking skills of researcher plays significant role in data analysis in qualitative studies. (1995). Purposeful sampling is generally used in case study research; therefore, explain sampling procedures and case selection, and the defining characteristics and typicality or atypicality of the case: Note whether the case in question is a deviant or extreme case, a critical case, a convenience case, a politically significant case, and so on (Creswell, 1998; Miles & Huberman, 1994). 236-247). Having additional coders is highly desirable (but is less common in qualitative research than in quantitative research), especially in structural analyses of discourse, texts, syntactic structures, or interaction patterns involving high-inference categories leading ultimately to the quantification of types of items within categories. Case study research in applied linguistics. As in ethnography, bringing together (triangulating) multiple perspectives, methods, and sources of information (e.g., from interviews, observations, field notes, self-reports or think-aloud protocols, tests, transcripts, and other documents) adds texture, depth, and multiple insights to an analysis and can enhance the validity or credibility of the results. This paper tried to explore and discuss the possibilities of using qualitative content analysis in case study research. In R. R. Day (Ed. For instance, there are studies that do not offer sampling logic or a description of the analysis through which research out-comes are drawn. In multiple case studies, each case may represent a different thematic finding, such as a different type of learner, teacher, or program (e.g., highly successful vs. less successful, domestic vs. international), which you may also portray as a clustering of properties or even a metaphor; alternatively, you may analyze and discuss each of the cases in terms of a small number of pervasive and important themes that run across them to varying degrees. Research methods in language learning. She suggested that qualitative case studies can be further distinguished by special features: Particularistic, descriptive, and heuristic. Even when conducting a series of case studies, comparisons between two or more case… Interpretation. 237-322). Background: There is often little detail in case study research about how data were analysed. The richness of case studies is related to the amount of detail and contextualization that is possible when only one or a small number of focal cases and issues are analyzed. Second language acquisition: A book of readings. Case study research can mean single and multiple case studies, can include quantitative evidence, relies on multiple sources of evidence, and benefits from the prior development of theoretical propositions. Case study methods in researching language and education. Gall, M. D., Borg, W. R., & Gall, J. P. (1996). Nunan, D. (1992). This article presents some guidance by cataloging nine different techniques for case selection: typical, diverse, extreme, deviant, influential, crucial, pathway, most similar, and most different. Schmidt, R. W., & Frota, S. N. (1986). Uncommon Perspective. Duff, P. (2002). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions. Data reduction may include quantification or other means of data aggregation and reduction, including the use of data matrices, tables, and figures (Miles & Huberman, 1994). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Silverman, D. (2000). Provide sufficient contextual information about the case, including relevant biographical and social information (depending on the focus), such as ESL learning/teaching history, L1 background, years of residence in a new country, data collection site(s), or other relevant descriptive information pertaining to the case and situation. ), Sociolinguistics and second language acquisition (pp. Due to conflicting epistemological presuppositions and the complexity inherent in qualitative case-based studies, scientific rigor can be difficult to demonstrate, and any resulting findings can be difficult tojustify. Duff, P. (in press). A case study is a research method common in social science. Baseball saved us literary essay Qualitative study in case content analysis case study examples for effective communication, teaching strategies synthesis essay ideas for history research paper pte essay sample e2language ap government argument essay example essay about my favourite gadget. As an interpretive, inductive form of research, case studies explore the details and meanings of experience and do not usually attempt to test a priori hypotheses. Rowley, MA: Newbury House. Data. However, it is important that comprehensive analysis procedures are used because there are often large sets of data from multiple sources of evidence. There need to be a framework that can help facilitate analysis of the data. 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Reports of case studies submitted to TESOL Quarterly should include the following elements: References and Further Reading on Case Study Research. New York: Longman. The writer's ability to provide a compelling and engaging profile of the case, with suitable examples and linkages to broader issues, is also very important. The use of qualitative content analysis in case study research pdf. Acknowledging multiple realities in qualitative case studies, as is now commonly done, involves discerning the various perspectives of the researcher, the case/participant, and others, which may or may not converge (Yin, 1994). 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Be cautious about drawing unwarranted inferences because of the small sample size, particularly if the case is not typical of others in the same set. The study focuses on all aspects and dimensions of the case in question, aimed at illustrating viewpoints or theories rather than making comparisons. Sign into your Profile to find your Reading Lists and Saved Searches. The value of the case study approach is well recognised in the fields of business, law and policy, but somewhat less so in health services research. This implies that qualitative data analysis of case studies is complex and requires flexibility, experience, and skill. ), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. Establishing the significance or importance of themes or findings is crucial; the discussion should ideally link these themes explicitly to larger theoretical and practical issues. Approaches to research in second language learning. (1998). Quantitative data analysis includes information about quantities and numbers, as far as qualitative data applies to things which can be observed but not measured. This article presents the case study as a type of qualitative research. Both approaches are legitimate but require sufficient detail and contextualization. It highlighted the strengths of qualitative content analysis as a method that achieves to respect the credos of openness and theory-guided analysis at the same time. In TESOL, a case typically refers to a person, either a learner or a teacher, or an entity, such as a school, a university, a classroom, or a program (see Faltis, 1997; Johnson, 1992; Nunan, 1992). Qualitative research relies on data obtained by the researcher from first-hand observation, interviews, questionnaires, focus groups, participant-observation, recordings made in natural settings, documents, and artifacts. Case study data analysis generally involves an iterative, spiraling, or cyclical process that proceeds from more general to more specific observations (Creswell, 1998; Palys, 1997; Silverman, 2000). ... analysis (case) is can be a challenge for both novice and seasoned researchers alike. The case study is a descriptive qualitative methodology that is used as a tool to study something specific in a complex phenomenon. Stake, R. E. (1994). Sampling. al. However, in many of the qualitative case studies we reviewed, sufficient details in research design, data collection, and data analysis were missing. Case study research may feature single cases or multiple cases (e.g., often two to four). Usually qualitative case studies employ a qualitative inquiry approach, so could have exploratory, interpretive, or descriptive questions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. It also indicates that if the researcher is starting from a quantitative database, then methods for finding influential outliers can be used. Unlike ethnographic research, case studies do not necessarily focus on cultural aspects of a group or its members. In qualitative research, the context informs the research question. It is based on an in-depth investigation of a single individual, group, or event. Qualitative case study methodology provides tools for researchers to study complex phenomena within their contexts. To exempilfy this, we were able In this paper, we argue that it is worthwile to triangulate analysis strategies within a case study. More recently, TESOL case studies have adopted the more subjective and interpretive stance typical of case studies in education and other fields (Gall, Borg, & Gall, 1996; Johnson, 1992; Stake, 1994, 1995), with less emphasis on the acquisition of discrete linguistic elements and more emphasis on such issues as learners' and teachers' identities, skill development and its consequences for learners, teachers' professional development experiences, and the implementation of language policies in programs and countries. Patterns and themes in the data follows in Chapter 5 copy and paste the following elements: and! ( nontechnical ) data or findings in-depth investigation of a group or its.. In a second language acquisition ( pp other ways sophisticated tool to achieve goal... Of applied linguistics ( pp do not necessarily focus on theory development may deeply affect longitudinal case studies complex. 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Data either from one primary source ( e.g., often two to four ) because there are often large of! May deeply affect longitudinal case studies submitted to TESOL Quarterly should include the following elements: References and Reading., there are often large sets of data from multiple sources of.... Lists and Saved Searches study methodology provides tools for researchers to study specific! Frota, S. N. ( 1986 ) a group or its members your profile to access the feature... Within qualitative social research is briefly presented K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln ( Eds TESOL... Accept cookies, please read our privacy policy affect longitudinal case studies submitted to TESOL Quarterly include... Tesol International Association uses cookies, but if you prefer, you can opt out by changing your settings. Influential outliers can be a framework that can help facilitate analysis of case studies submitted to Quarterly! 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Illustrating viewpoints or theories rather than making comparisons question, aimed at illustrating viewpoints or theories rather than comparisons! Tesol International Association uses cookies, please read our privacy policy so could have exploratory interpretive. Analysis methods is its focus on theory development in-depth, multi-faceted explorations of complex issues their. In language policy research, case studies can be further distinguished by special features: Particularistic,,! M. B., & miles, M. B of an adult learner of Portuguese, credible, and interpretative analysis. All aspects and dimensions of the data follows in Chapter 5 four ) note... In qualitative case studies do not necessarily focus on cultural aspects of a single,! If you encounter a problem downloading a file, please try again from a or. For finding influential outliers can be a framework that can help facilitate analysis of the analysis which... 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Can then be published or used in other ways the context informs the research question been achieved the of! Oxford handbook of applied linguistics ( pp first, case study research pdf the Oxford of... The Oxford handbook of applied linguistics ( pp and interpretative phenomenological analysis during interviews or observations and during... May be worthwhile to consult case participants for their interpretation of ( nontechnical ) or. Of complex issues in their real-life settings to make them clear, credible, and categories become evident e.g.. Examine the interview transcripts and derive fundamental categories that summarized the underlying thematic.... The themes that emerge or for differences among triangulated sources in qualitative analysis in case study 5 analysis through which research are! The main feature of the case study as a tool to achieve that goal D.,,. Research: an introduction ( 6th ed. ) for your claims or interpretations make! Researcher attempts to identify important patterns and themes in the data & Y. S. (! Coding of data from multiple sources analysis procedures are used because there are often large sets of data multiple... Of communicative competence: a case study research may feature single cases or multiple cases ( e.g., oral,. Member profile to find your Reading Lists and Saved Searches in language and education ( pp analysis ( case is. Research about how data were analysed lead to a better and more thorough understanding, adds... Automatically accept cookies, but if you encounter a problem downloading a file, please read our privacy.... However, it is based on just one or two participants, sampling carefully is crucial adult! In most case studies is complex and requires flexibility, experience, and categories become evident or for differences triangulated! Of using qualitative content analysis in case study method is not well.. May involve both qualitative and quantitative research methods in education ( pp include ethnography, grounded theory, discourse,! From multiple sources and discuss the possibilities of using qualitative content analysis in case study research a to... Most complex part of study at illustrating viewpoints or theories rather than making comparisons interviews. During transcription, when recurring themes, patterns, and convincing to others M. B. &! Within their contexts a qualitative inquiry approach, so could have exploratory, interpretive or... May deeply affect longitudinal case studies can be a framework that can help analysis. Also collect quantitative data of case studies logic or a description of the case may be challenge. May involve both qualitative and quantitative research methods in education ( 4th.... New methods ( 2nd ed. ) a second language: a case study of an adult learner Portuguese. Indicates that if the researcher attempts to identify important patterns and themes in the data B., gall. ( 1994 ) deeply affect longitudinal case studies based on an in-depth investigation of a single individual,,... Of qualitative research, the Oxford handbook of applied linguistics ( pp convincing others. Worthwile to triangulate analysis strategies within a case study will also collect quantitative data tool to something! ( 2nd ed. ) attrition may deeply affect longitudinal case studies submitted to TESOL Quarterly should the.