In addition, since the abolition of the LCP, migrants looking to work as caregivers in Canada can still do so by applying for a regular work permit.4, Workers employed under these streams may work in restaurants, hotels or other hospitality services, agriculture, food preparation, construction, manufacturing, or domestic work.5 Migrant workers, particularly those in low-skilled and caregiving positions, reportedly experience a wide range of abuse including verbal, physical, and sexual abuse. See https://wikirate.org/Estee_Lauder_Cosmetics_Limited?filter%5Bmetric_value%5D=all&filter%5Bproject%5D=UK+Modern+Slavery+Act+Research for more details. The Global Slavery Index estimates that on any given day in 2016 there were 17,000 people living in conditions of modern slavery in Canada, a prevalence of 0.5 victims for every thousand people in the country. Most of the first Black people living in colonial Canada were enslaved, and even after abolition, they were often landless and poor. The Wikirate platform enables university students and the general public to access the statements and answer a series of questions assessing whether the statements meet the requirements of the Act (signed by a board member, approved by the board and hosted on the company homepage) and if they detail policies that enable the business to better respond to modern slavery. This is slavery," she says. Afua Cooper is James Robinson Johnston Chair in Black Canadian Studies at Dalhousie University. Techniques used by traffickers include building dependence by buying gifts and posing as boyfriends.32 Younger male mem… Additionally, section 279.02 criminalises receiving material benefits for the purpose of committing or facilitating trafficking and section 279.03 makes it a criminal offence to withhold or destroy a person’s identity documents for the purpose of trafficking.53 Forced labour and modern slavery are not criminalised in Canada’s penal code as distinct offences. So far, 118 cases have resulted in human trafficking specific and/or related convictions, but 296 cases remain before the court (involving about 506 accused perpetrators and 420 victims).1 These figures, of course, do not consider the unknown number of victims that are not reported. The top five imported products at risk of modern slavery were identified from an original list of 15 products considered at risk of modern slavery. While Canada does not currently have federal legislation that requires large businesses to publicly report on steps taken to eliminate modern slavery within their business and supply chains, there is a growing impetus for such legislation in Canada.82 Canada also has an ongoing parliamentary inquiry on child labour and modern slavery that has discussed the question of supply chain transparency, among other issues.83, In a major step forward, the Canadian government announced on 17 January 2018 that it will create an independent Canadian Ombudsman for Responsible Enterprise (CORE). Closed Captioning and Described Video is available for many CBC shows offered on CBC Gem. Nelson notes, “I never had a Canadian student enter my class on day one knowing that slavery transpired in Canada.” While the majority of Canadians, including Nelson’s students, can attest to a general knowledge of the Underground Railroad—a movement that accounts for approximately 30 years of Canadian history—most are ignorant of a long history of slavery in their country. All provinces should establish a coordinating body responsible for coordinating the implementation of the province’s strategy to combat human trafficking, similar to Ontario’s newly established Provincial Anti-Human Trafficking Coordination Office. Grant, M 2016, ‘Amanda McGee sentenced to 8 years for human trafficking, sexual assault’. Kyle G. Brown is a freelance journalist based in Paris. Marwaha, S 2017, ‘Anyone can be a victim’: Canadian high school girls being lured into sex trade. 16/10/2017. In addition to losing their place of living, caregivers who would decide to move out of their employer’s home are required to obtain a new Labour Market Impact Assessment (LMIA) and work permit,50 therefore making it difficult to change employers in practice.51 Additionally, the changes also resulted in live-out caregivers no longer being considered part of the LCP which meant they were no longer eligible to apply for permanent residence under the LCP.52, The Canadian government has criminalised human trafficking under section 279.01 and human trafficking of persons under the age of 18 years under section 279.011 of the criminal code. As these fees did not include the worker’s travel and setup fees, many of the workers reported having to borrow large sums from banks or family members in the Philippines to be able to migrate to Canada.12 Due to persistent allegations of exploitation of live-in caregivers, the program was overhauled in 2014, resulting in the removal of the live-in requirement, in addition to the announcement that the government would no longer accept applications that were received on or after 30 November 2014.13 However, allegations of exploitation continue among those already employed through the LCP.14, Trafficking within Canada for the purpose of sexual exploitation, primarily involving Canadian citizens as victims, is reported to be the most common form of modern slavery detected by authorities.15 In fact, 93 percent of identified sex trafficking victims are Canadian citizens, not foreign citizens.16 It must be emphasised that these figures do not necessarily reflect the small numbers of foreign nationals being subject to exploitation in Canada, but rather, they are a reflection of the numerous reasons foreign victims do not report to authorities, such as being tied to their employer through their visa while trying to get permanent residence, or fear of deportation.17 This is in addition to the many reasons victims in general do not come forward, such as threats or a dependent relationship with their exploiters, among others. The remaining 22 cases were international trafficking cases where victims were trafficked across international borders, predominantly for the purpose of forced labour. Migrant Worker Solidarity Network Manitoba 2016. [15, https://www.ourcommons.ca/Content/Committee/421/HUMA/Reports/RP8374415/humarp04/humarp04-e.pdf, https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/corporate/publications-manuals/operational-bulletins-manuals/temporary-residents/permits/considerations-specific-victims-human-trafficking.html. Introduce legislation that requires large businesses to report on steps taken to eliminate modern slavery within their business and supply chains. It existed both under the French and the English. It received Royal Assent on August 28, 1833, and took effect on August 1, 1834. Sugarcane is one of the largest agricultural commodities in the world.28 Canada receives 63 percent of its overall sugarcane imports from Brazil (US$ 243.3 million) whose sugarcane industry is considered at risk of using modern slavery.29 Brazil was also the top producer of sugar from sugarcane in 2015 and dominates world trade, accounting for 40 percent of global exports of sugar.30, According to data on identified cases, modern slavery takes place largely for the purpose of forced sexual exploitation in Canada; women represent the majority of identified victims.31 The majority of sex trafficking victims are reportedly Canadian-born teenage girls, some as young as 13, who are recruited in various ways, including at school, through social media, and at shopping malls. Other statements are less detailed, as they provide information on relevant policies and limited additional information on the steps taken to combat modern slavery directly. The impact of the Modern Slavery Act, two years on. Yes. Of those affected, 35 percent were under the age of 18, 31 percent were aged 19 to 24, and 25 percent were aged 25 to 34, with the remaining nine percent aged 35 years and older. In 1793 Upper Canada (now Ontario) passed the Anti‐slavery Act. "Black people are being surveilled and over-policed and carded at a rate that is disproportionate to other people, especially white citizens. slavery; and • The differential impact of trafficking and slavery on different groups demarcated by (but not limited to) age, gender, ethnicity, national origins, religion, sexual orientation or practice. The Canadian government publishes statistics on human trafficking convictions and identified cases. It is a priority for CBC to create a website that is accessible to all Canadians including people with visual, hearing, motor and cognitive challenges. However, the Canadian government pledged during the IV Global Conference on the Sustained Eradication of Child Labour to sign the ILO Forced Labour Protocol of 2014 to the Forced Labour Convention of 1930 as soon as possible.54 Forced marriage is a criminal offence since 2015 according to section 293.1 of the criminal code.55, Victims of modern slavery are assisted through support services funded through the Justice Canada Victims Fund.56 However, dedicated funding for victim assistance reportedly varies across different provinces and territories.57 The Department of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) issues short-term Temporary Residents Permits (TRPs) (up to 180 days) to suspected victims of trafficking and longer-term TRPS (valid up to three years) to identified victims of trafficking to enable them to legally stay in Canada and receive health care and a work permit.58 In 2016, the government issued 67 TRPs, of which 26 were first-time permits and 41 were re-issues to victims who had previously received a permit.59. Canadaim Global Immigration and Law Firm 2017. It is common knowledge that we saved runaway slaves from the United States, but few know that Africans and Indigenous peoples were bought, sold and exploited, right here. He has filed for radio, print and television, from the BBC and the CBC to Al Jazeera, the Guardian, the Toronto Star and Le Monde Diplomatique. Marchitelli, R 2016, ‘Migrant worker program called ‘worse than slavery’ after injured participants sent home without treatment’. Listen to Part 1 of this series: Canada's slavery secret: The whitewashing of 200 years of enslavement. A Viola Desmond primer. Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons 2017. For the first time, the topic of enslavement has been included in the 2013 revised Ontario Social Studies, History, and Geography curriculum. Six further claims have been filed against Nevsun on behalf of 59 additional plaintiffs on the same basis. Canadian boards are facing mounting pressures to address a broader range of issues in light of a burgeoning movement in American corporate governance urging boards to look beyond the interests of their shareholders. Legacy To encourage thoughtful and respectful conversations, first and last names will appear with each submission to CBC/Radio-Canada's online communities (except in children and youth-oriented communities). Business and Human Rights Resource Centre 2018. In 2014, three Eritrean workers filed a lawsuit against the mining company in the Supreme Court of Canada. "If we are looking at one of the legacies of slavery in Canada, it made white people white and Black people Black. The African Slave Trade was not only a segment of US history. The Code, used by Public Services and Procurement Canada (PSPC), the government of Canada’s central purchasing agency, is being updated to align with the government’s social and sustainable procurement policy objectives. Of those affected by forced marriage, 92 per cent were female, six per cent male, just over one percent were transgender, and less than one percent were unknown.22 The report notes this number may however be skewed due to a lack of outreach to male clients. However, loyalist slave owners who immigrated to Canada at the same time were allowed to bring their slaves with them. **This episode originally aired Feb. 25, 2018. 77. See https://wikirate.org/IBI_Group_Inc?filter%5Bmetric_value%5D=all&filter%5Bproject%5D=UK+Modern+Slavery+Act+Research for more details. This legislation also made Canada free land for enslaved American Blacks. Introduce a free and publicly accessible repository to file all modern slavery statements to ensure businesses can be held accountable for non-compliance. The Abolition Act in Upper Canada and court decisions in Nova Scotia in the 1790s contributed greatly to a decline of African enslavement in Canada, and made Canada a safe haven for those seeking freedom and an important base for the abolitionist movement. Lovejoy also discounts comparisons with slavery in the Americas, and considers indigenous African slavery had only a limited impact on the development of the Atlantic trade. See for example: World Vision Canada 2015. As referenced in: Canadian Women’s Foundation 2014. Orkin, A M, Lay, M, McLaughlin, J, Schwandt, M & Cole, D 2014. ** This episode was produced by Mary Lynk. [15, https://knowthechain.org/wp-content/uploads/KTC-SugarcaneReport-Final_August-2017.pdf, http://dx.doi.org/10.14217/9781848599451-en, https://www.uclalawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Bourgeois-final_8.15.pdf, http://www.ourcommons.ca/Content/Committee/421/HUMA/Brief/BR8374833/br-external/MigrantWorkerSolidarityNetwork-e.pdf. Indeed, while shareholder primacy has long been the legal bedrock of corporate governance in the US, two recent well-publicized developments suggest that boards are beginning to adopt a broader perspective in the exercise of their fiduciary duties. Campaigners demand compensation to address the deep socio-economic divide. The Human Trafficking National Coordination Centre (HTNCC) reported that as of November 2017, they had identified 455 cases of human trafficking since 2005. What's changed? For a detailed methodology of how these products were identified, please refer to Appendix 3 in the 2018 GSI report. WikiRate has developed an open access research platform that allows anyone to systematically gather and report publicly available information on corporate Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) practices. The Modern Slavery Act shone a spotlight on the issue of modern slavery and human trafficking when it was written into UK law two years ago. ", "So we're still subjected to a heightened surveillance on the basis of our race, and where does that come from? The first of these mile… For historians like Afua Cooper at Dalhousie University in Halifax, these phenomena are all part of the legacy of slavery in colonial Canada. Provincial health insurance is often denied as such insurance relies on a valid work permit.48 There have also been reported cases of female migrant workers hiding their pregnancy for fear of losing their employment status and being deported.49, Although care workers on the LCP were granted the right to live outside their employer’s home as part of the changes to the LCP program in 2014, workers under the program may still be vulnerable to exploitation. Audience Relations, CBC P.O. Policy-makers, businesses, and consumers must become aware of this risk and take responsibility for it. For much of the 1600s, the American colonies operated as … This gesture, they say, would pave the way for the kind of reconciliation that has begun with First Nations. [15, http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2015/30/contents/enacted, https://www.modernslaveryregistry.org/explore?countries%5B%5D=1495&company_name=&legislation_UK+Modern+Slavery+Act=yes, http://claihr.ca/2017/04/06/araya-v-nevsun-resources-ltd-an-overview/, https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/walkfreefoundation.org-assets/content/uploads/2018/03/29152400/02_The-Nevsun-Effect-1801229-Final-.pdf. Galerand, E, Gallie, M & Ollivier-Gobeil, J 2015. Although the dominant mode of slavery for the final 40 years of slavery in Canada was African (as American settlers brought their African slaves with them into the present-day Maritimes, Ontario and Quebecafter 1783), Indigenous slaves made up two-thirds of the slaves in Canada over the course of about 150 years. Therefore, true estimates are difficult to attain. Appoint an Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner who will be responsible for overseeing a coordinated response to modern slavery across all sectors. ( See also Underground Railroad.) Marwaha, S 2017, ‘’Anyone can be a victim’: Canadian high school girls being lured into sex trade’. Thirty-three years ago, historian James Walker rightfully pointed out in his A History of Blacks in Canada: a Study Guide for Teachers and Students that “[w]e cannot understand early pioneer history unless we acknowledge that slavery existed”. Available from: Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of, https://wikirate.org/UK_Modern_Slavery_Act_Research, https://www.canada.ca/en/services/immigration-citizenship.html, https://www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-development/services/foreign-workers/reports/2014/lmia-annual-statistics/agricultural.html. These statements vary in quality, with some companies including comprehensive information on their response to modern slavery in supply chains all the way through to statements that are not available on the home page or have not been signed by a CEO or Director. The UK Modern Slavery Act Research project employs a crowdsourcing approach to reviewing and assessing the statements housed on the BHRRC platform, recognising the value of having a fully transparent platform, but also the enormous amount of time and resources it would take to conduct this analysis. Public Works and Government Services Canada 2017. We can’t forget that slavery was legal in New France and in British North America until 1834. Table 1 below highlights the top five products (according to US$ value, per annum) imported by Canada which are at risk of being produced under conditions of modern slavery.26, Canada imports more than US$7.6 billion of laptops, computers, and mobile phones from China and Malaysia – the industries of both of these countries are considered at risk of using modern slavery in the production of these goods. According to data on identified cases, modern slavery takes place largely for the purpose of forced sexual exploitation in Canada; women represent the majority of identified victims.31 The majority of sex trafficking victims are reportedly Canadian-born teenage girls, some as young as 13, who are recruited in various ways, including at school, through social media, and at shopping malls. Is there a connection between the enslavement of Black Canadians and their overwhelming presence in the criminal justice system today? 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